The oxidized forms as, for instance, Y?or W? but to explicitly show the proton, for instance as TyrO?vs. TrpH?. 5.6.2 Flavins–Flavin is the common name for a family of 7,8-dimethyl-substituted isoalloxazines (isoalloxazine = 10-substituted alloxazine). The reader should be warned that the current IUPAC flavin numbering scheme is different from much of the flavin literature published before ca. 1980.295 There are four biologically relevant flavins, which differ only in the nature of the alkyl substituent at N10: lumiflavin, riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) (Scheme 10).296 These cofactors exhibit essentially identical redox155 and acid/base chemistry (Figure 7). Both the fully oxidized and fully reduced forms are stable, and are typically referred to using nomenclature analogous to quinones/hydroquinones.289 For example, the fully reduced form can be referred to as the “flavohydroquinone.” Flavins also exhibit stable “flavosemiquinone” radicals at low pH.289 Also like hydroquinones, flavins can undergo 2H+/2e- chemistry, thus a 9-membered square scheme is needed to describe the PCET thermodynamics. The proton-coupled redox chemistry of flavins has long been known. Michaelis in the late 1930s297,298 and Lowe in 1956299 reported that lumiflavin, FMN, and FAD all have the Nernstian dependence of the redox potential on pH ( 60 mV per pH unit) below the pKa of the flavohydroquinone, which indicates that they can undergo 1e-/1H+ and 2e-/2H+ PCET reactions. Starting from the reduced anion, flavins can also mediate 1H+/2e- (hydride) AZD-8835 site transfer to give the fully oxidized form. The net hydride transfer from NAD(P)H to a flavin is a fundamental biological reaction that can be found in nearly any biochemistry text book. PCET chemistry of NADH and related compounds is discussed below. There is evidence that the mechanism of such net hydride transfers can be concerted in some instances.300 A recent study of the enzyme glucose oxidase, using chemically modified flavin-type cofactors, concluded that glucose is most likely oxidized by concerted hydride (2e-/H+) transfer.301 Flavins can also mediate single electron transfer reactions, such as has been implicated in the electron transport chain of NADPH oxidase, to name just one example.302 The flavin cofactor in glucose oxidase has been shown to react with O2 by electron transfer, showing the power of using a series of modified flavins in mechanistic studies.303 The interested reader is directed to these references for the thermochemical properties of flavins, deazaflavins and related derivatives. While electron and hydride transfer reactions of flavins are well known, to our knowledge single hydrogen atom transfer reactions of flavins have not been widely discussed. The acid/base chemistry of flavins has been extensively studied. The first pKas of flavins are generally much lower than that of many quinones, and are below neutral pH, so that they are mostly ionized under biological conditions. The pKa for the flavohydroquinone and the flavosemiquinone have not been drastically revised since their first reports in the early 20th century.289,297?98299 Land and Swallow reported a pKa of 0.25 for protonation ofChem Rev. Chloroquine (diphosphate) clinical trials Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 December 8.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptWarren et al.Pageoxidized riboflavin and pKa = 2.3 for protonation of the flavin semiquinone.304 We note that pKas of the tra.The oxidized forms as, for instance, Y?or W? but to explicitly show the proton, for instance as TyrO?vs. TrpH?. 5.6.2 Flavins–Flavin is the common name for a family of 7,8-dimethyl-substituted isoalloxazines (isoalloxazine = 10-substituted alloxazine). The reader should be warned that the current IUPAC flavin numbering scheme is different from much of the flavin literature published before ca. 1980.295 There are four biologically relevant flavins, which differ only in the nature of the alkyl substituent at N10: lumiflavin, riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) (Scheme 10).296 These cofactors exhibit essentially identical redox155 and acid/base chemistry (Figure 7). Both the fully oxidized and fully reduced forms are stable, and are typically referred to using nomenclature analogous to quinones/hydroquinones.289 For example, the fully reduced form can be referred to as the “flavohydroquinone.” Flavins also exhibit stable “flavosemiquinone” radicals at low pH.289 Also like hydroquinones, flavins can undergo 2H+/2e- chemistry, thus a 9-membered square scheme is needed to describe the PCET thermodynamics. The proton-coupled redox chemistry of flavins has long been known. Michaelis in the late 1930s297,298 and Lowe in 1956299 reported that lumiflavin, FMN, and FAD all have the Nernstian dependence of the redox potential on pH ( 60 mV per pH unit) below the pKa of the flavohydroquinone, which indicates that they can undergo 1e-/1H+ and 2e-/2H+ PCET reactions. Starting from the reduced anion, flavins can also mediate 1H+/2e- (hydride) transfer to give the fully oxidized form. The net hydride transfer from NAD(P)H to a flavin is a fundamental biological reaction that can be found in nearly any biochemistry text book. PCET chemistry of NADH and related compounds is discussed below. There is evidence that the mechanism of such net hydride transfers can be concerted in some instances.300 A recent study of the enzyme glucose oxidase, using chemically modified flavin-type cofactors, concluded that glucose is most likely oxidized by concerted hydride (2e-/H+) transfer.301 Flavins can also mediate single electron transfer reactions, such as has been implicated in the electron transport chain of NADPH oxidase, to name just one example.302 The flavin cofactor in glucose oxidase has been shown to react with O2 by electron transfer, showing the power of using a series of modified flavins in mechanistic studies.303 The interested reader is directed to these references for the thermochemical properties of flavins, deazaflavins and related derivatives. While electron and hydride transfer reactions of flavins are well known, to our knowledge single hydrogen atom transfer reactions of flavins have not been widely discussed. The acid/base chemistry of flavins has been extensively studied. The first pKas of flavins are generally much lower than that of many quinones, and are below neutral pH, so that they are mostly ionized under biological conditions. The pKa for the flavohydroquinone and the flavosemiquinone have not been drastically revised since their first reports in the early 20th century.289,297?98299 Land and Swallow reported a pKa of 0.25 for protonation ofChem Rev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 December 8.NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptWarren et al.Pageoxidized riboflavin and pKa = 2.3 for protonation of the flavin semiquinone.304 We note that pKas of the tra.
